This paper highlights the nonlinear dynamics and emergent feedbacks inherent in innovation ecosystems to examine how GPTs emerge, diffuse, and co-evolve with interdependent innovations and institutions.

This article explores an updated definition of ‘consumer’ that addresses the challenges of a rapidly changing energy landscape.

What happens when individuals become both producers and consumers of the energy they use?  A prosumer bridges the gap between traditional consumption and production, harnessing modern technology to generate goods for their own use while supplying any surplus back into the market. 

By examining economic and environmental costs across both markets, this study provides a more holistic understanding of Poland’s electricity sector and the systemic challenges that must be addressed to achieve true decarbonisation

This year at BETD 2025, ENODA presented our whitepaper ‘The Hidden Cost of Balancing in Germany’, exploring the generation fuel mix in the German balancing market and its associated carbon emissions, in comparison with the German wholesale market.

This article seeks to understand the drivers of growth, the role of productivity and capital formation, the constraints faced, and the critical importance of energy access for formulating effective growth strategies.