This year at BETD 2025, ENODA presented our whitepaper ‘The Hidden Cost of Balancing in Germany’, exploring the generation fuel mix in the German balancing market and its associated carbon emissions, in comparison with the German wholesale market.

Condorcet’s Jury Theorem provides insights into the collective decision-making capabilities of groups under certain conditions. This paper explores the implications of Condorcet’s theory when applied to fleets of autonomous AI devices coordinated by price signals.

The concept of scaling laws offers profound insights into the patterns and behaviours of complex systems as they grow or shrink in size. Scaling laws are not confined to physical systems but extend to biological organisms, cities, companies, and technological networks.

This article seeks to understand the drivers of growth, the role of productivity and capital formation, the constraints faced, and the critical importance of energy access for formulating effective growth strategies.

This analysis explores the implications of input dependability on capital formation through mathematical models and proofs, referencing key literature in economics

General-Purpose Technologies (GPTs) and General-Purpose Systems (GPSs) are transformative innovations, such as electricity, telephony, the internet, and now AI, that reshape entire economies and societies. This article focusses the complex interactions of technological features, infrastructure, market forces, and social behaviour that are required for their widespread adoption.